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Java Card refers to a software technology that allows Java-based applications (applets) to be run securely on smart cards and similar small memory footprint devices.[1] Java Card is the tiniest of Java platforms targeted for embedded devices. Java Card gives the user the ability to program the devices and make them application specific. It is widely used in SIM cards[2][3] (used in GSM mobile phones) and ATM cards.[4] The first Java Card was introduced in 1996 by Schlumberger's card division which later merged with Gemplus to form Gemalto. Java Card products are based on the Java Card Platform specifications developed by Sun Microsystems (later a subsidiary of Oracle Corporation). Many Java card products also rely on the GlobalPlatform specifications for the secure management of applications on the card (download, installation, personalization, deletion).
The main design goals of the Java Card technology are portability and security.[5]
Portability[edit]
Java Card aims at defining a standard smart card computing environment allowing the same Java Card applet to run on different smart cards, much like a Java applet runs on different computers. As in Java, this is accomplished using the combination of a virtual machine (the Java Card Virtual Machine), and a well-defined runtime library, which largely abstracts the applet from differences between smart cards. Portability remains mitigated by issues of memory size, performance, and runtime support (e.g. for communication protocols or cryptographic algorithms).
Security[edit]
Java Card technology was originally developed for the purpose of securing sensitive information stored on smart cards. Security is determined by various aspects of this technology:
Design[edit]
At the language level, Java Card is a precise subset of Java: all language constructs of Java Card exist in Java and behave identically. This goes to the point that as part of a standard build cycle, a Java Card program is compiled into a Java class file by a Java compiler; the class file is post-processed by tools specific to the Java Card platform.
However, many Java language features are not supported by Java Card (in particular types char, double, float and long; the
transient qualifier; enums; arrays of more than one dimension; finalization; object cloning; threads). Further, some common features of Java are not provided at runtime by many actual smart cards (in particular type int , which is the default type of a Java expression; and garbage collection of objects).
Bytecode[edit]
Java Card bytecode run by the Java Card Virtual Machine is a functional subset of Java 2 bytecode run by a standard Java Virtual Machine but with a different encoding to optimize for size. A Java Card applet thus typically uses less bytecode than the hypothetical Java applet obtained by compiling the same Java source code. This conserves memory, a necessity in resource constrained devices like smart cards. As a design tradeoff, there is no support for some Java language features (as mentioned above), and size limitations. Techniques exist for overcoming the size limitations, such as dividing the application's code into packages below the 64 KiB limit.
Library and runtime[edit]
Standard Java Card class library and runtime support differs a lot from that in Java, and the common subset is minimal. For example, the Java Security Manager class is not supported in Java Card, where security policies are implemented by the Java Card Virtual Machine; and transients (non-persistent, fast RAM variables that can be class members) are supported via a Java Card class library, while they have native language support in Java.
Specific features[edit]
The Java Card runtime and virtual machine also support features that are specific to the Java Card platform:
Development[edit]
Coding techniques used in a practical Java Card program differ significantly from that used in a Java program. Still, that Java Card uses a precise subset of the Java language speeds up the learning curve, and enables using a Java environment to develop and debug a Java Card program (caveat: even if debugging occurs with Java bytecode, make sure that the class file fits the limitation of Java Card language by converting it to Java Card bytecode; and test in a real Java Card smart card early on to get an idea of the performance); further, one can run and debug both the Java Card code for the application to be embedded in a smart card, and a Java application that will be in the host using the smart card, all working jointly in the same environment.
Versions[edit]
Oracle has released several Java Card platform specifications and is providing SDK tools for application development.Usually smart card vendors implement just a subset of algorithms specified in Java Card platform targetand the only way to discover what subset of specification is implemented is to test the card.[6]
Java Card 3.0[edit]
The version 3.0 of the Java Card specification (draft released in March 2008) is separated in two editions: the Classic Edition and the Connected Edition.[8]
See also[edit]References[edit]
External links[edit]
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Java_Card&oldid=900730356'
General FAQs
Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE) lets you develop and deploy Java applications on desktops and servers. Java offers the rich user interface, performance, versatility, portability, and security that today's applications require.
NOTE: This question is from 2014. As of Java 11 OpenJDK and Oracle JDK are converging.
Are there any crucial differences between Oracle and OpenJDK?
For example, are the garbage collection and other JVM parameters the same?
Does GC work differently between the two?
Thorbjørn Ravn Andersen
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user1340582user1340582
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9 Answers
Both OpenJDK and Oracle JDK are created and maintained currently by Oracle only.
OpenJDK and Oracle JDK are implementations of the same Java specification passed the TCK (Java Technology Certification Kit).
Most of the vendors of JDK are written on top of OpenJDK by doing a few tweaks to [mostly to replace licensed proprietary parts / replace with more high-performance items that only work on specific OS] components without breaking the TCK compatibility.
Many vendors implemented the Java specification and got TCK passed. For example, IBM J9, Azul Zulu, Azul Zing, and Oracle JDK.
Almost every existing JDK is derived from OpenJDK.
As suggested by many, licensing is a change between JDKs.
Starting with JDK 11 accessing the long time support Oracle JDK/Java SE will now require a commercial license. You should now pay attention to which JDK you're installing as Oracle JDK without subscription could stop working. source
Ref: List of Java virtual machines
Willi Mentzel
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Venkateswara RaoVenkateswara Rao
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For Java 7, nothing crucial. The OpenJDK project is mostly based on HotSpot source code donated by Sun.
Moreover, OpenJDK was selected to be the reference implementation for Java 7 and is maintained by Oracle engineers.
There's a more detailed answer from 2012 on difference between JVM, JDK, JRE & OpenJDK, which links to an Oracle blog post:
Q: What is the difference between the source code found in the OpenJDK repository, and the code you use to build the Oracle JDK?
A: It is very close - our build process for Oracle JDK releases builds on OpenJDK 7 by adding just a couple of pieces, like the deployment code, which includes Oracle's implementation of the Java Plugin and Java WebStart, as well as some closed source third party components like a graphics rasterizer, some open source third party components, like Rhino, and a few bits and pieces here and there, like additional documentation or third party fonts. Moving forward, our intent is to open source all pieces of the Oracle JDK except those that we consider commercial features such as JRockit Mission Control (not yet available in Oracle JDK), and replace encumbered third party components with open source alternatives to achieve closer parity between the code bases.
Greg Dubicki
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radairadai
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A key difference going forward is the release schedule and support policy.
OpenJDK
OpenJDK will have a feature release every 6 months which is only supported until the next feature release. It's essentially a continuous stream of releases targeted to developers.
Oracle JDK
The Oracle JDK is targeted more towards an enterprise audience which values stability. It's based on one of the OpenJDK releases but is then given long term support (LTS). The Oracle JDK has releases planned every 3 years.
Source: https://www.oracle.com/java/java9-screencasts.html?bcid=5582439790001&playerType=single-social&size=events
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For Java 8, Oracle JDK vs. OpenJDK my take of key differences:
For a full list of differences please see the source article: Oracle JDK vs OpenJDK and Java JDK Development Process
45hook45hook
The Oracle and OpenJDK JVMs are the same and have the same GC features (as of the latest versions 10+). Prior to Oracle managing the OpenJDK JVM there were concrete differences that made that old Openjdk JVM almost unusable in many environments. The JVMs are now the same.
The JDKs which include the JVM as part of the Kit, differ by licensing, release and maintenance schedule, and the software libraries included in the JDK. Crucial differences to me also mean things that would make code not run if not present. Not only licensing.
Crucially the following files are missing in addition to a bunch of others on the linux JDK (So if you 'claimed' that code didn't work on OpenJDK and did so on OracleJDK while you were using javafx then you were correct):
marsmars
According to the oracle blog, Oracle JDK Releases for Java 11 and Later
Starting with Java 11, Oracle will provide JDK releases under the open source GNU General Public License v2, with the Classpath Exception (GPLv2+CPE), and under a commercial license for those using the Oracle JDK as part of an Oracle product or service, or who do not wish to use open source software. This combination of using an open source license and a commercial license replaces the historical âBCLâ license, which had a combination of free and paid commercial terms.
Different builds will be provided for each license, but these builds are functionally identical aside from some cosmetic and packaging differences, described in detail below.
From the BCL to the GPL
The Binary Code License for Oracle Java SE technologies (âBCLâ) has been the primary license for Oracle Java SE technologies for well over a decade. The BCL permits use without license fees under certain conditions. To simplify things going forward, Oracle started providing open source licensed OpenJDK builds as of Java 9, using the same license model as the Linux platform. If you are used to getting Oracle Java SE binaries for free, you can simply continue doing so with Oracleâs OpenJDK builds available at jdk.java.net. If you are used to getting Oracle Java SE binaries as part of a commercial product or service from Oracle, then you can continue to get Oracle JDK releases through My Oracle Support (MOS), and other locations.
Functionally identical and interchangeable..
Oracleâs BCL-licensed JDK historically contained âcommercial featuresâ that were not available in OpenJDK builds. As promised, however, over the past year Oracle has contributed these features to the OpenJDK Community, including:
From Java 11 forward, therefore, Oracle JDK builds and OpenJDK builds will be essentially identical.
..yet with some cosmetic and packaging differences
There do remain a small number of differences, some intentional and cosmetic, and some simply because more time to discuss with OpenJDK contributors is warranted.
This difference remains in order to provide a consistent experience for specific kinds of legacy use. These modules are either now available separately as part of OpenJFX, are now in both OpenJDK and the Oracle JDK because they were commercial features which Oracle contributed to OpenJDK (e.g., Flight Recorder), or were removed from Oracle JDK 11 (e.g., JNLP).
java 11 2018-09-25
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment 18.9 (build 11+28)
Chaos card isaac. Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM 18.9 (build 11+28, mixed mode)
And for an OpenJDK 11 build:
openjdk version '11' 2018-09-25
OpenJDK Runtime Environment 18.9 (build 11+28)
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM 18.9 (build 11+28, mixed mode)
Naresh JoshiNaresh Joshi
A list of the few remaining cosmetic and packaging differences between Oracle JDK 11 and OpenJDK 11 can be found in this blog post:
In short:
Dalibor TopicDalibor Topic
Aside from the obvious licensing difference, the major difference between OpenJDK and OracleJDK 11 are stability and performance updates.
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Adv9--6IcQI&t=385
Every 6 months the two codebases will be in-sync. But during the 6 month window OpenJDK will only receive security updates while OracleJDK will receive additional stability and performance updates.
Given that update releases only occur every 3 months for both OpenJDK and OracleJDK this means that you are missing out on (at most) 3 months worth of fixes until the next major release comes out and you upgrade. However, if you choose to stick to LTS releases then a commercial license begins to make more sense.
GiliGili
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Also for Java 8 an interesting performance benchmark for reactive (non-blocking) Spring Boot REST application being hosted on various JVMs by AMIS Technology Blog has been published in Nov 2018 showing that, among other differences:
For details please see the source article.
Perbedaan Jre Dan Jdk Download
Of course YMMV, this is just one of the benchmarks.
Greg DubickiGreg Dubicki
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Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged javadifference or ask your own question.Version Number
Oracle's products evolve as the Java SE platform evolves. Each Oracle product has a version number to indicate which version of the Java SE platform it implements. Version numbers are commonly used for marketing and documentation purposes.
Oracle has two products that implement the Java SE 8 platform: JDK 8 (Java SE Development Kit 8) and JRE 8 (Java SE Runtime Environment 8).
Oracle Java Updates
Perbedaan Jre Dan Jdk 11Version String
Some of Oracle's products expose a version string which is separate from, but related to, the version number. This version string is usually only seen by programs which query the runtime environment, or by users who invoke command line tools. Version strings have the form
1.x, or 1.x.0 , where x is the product version number.
In JDK 8 and JRE 8, the version strings are 1.8 and 1.8.0. Here are some examples where the version string is used:
Oracle periodically makes updates available and, when an update occurs, the version string will also include the update version number. So, JDK 8 update 5, or JDK 8u5, will have the version string '1.8.0_5'. When invoking the
java -fullversion command, the result also includes the build number, a level of detail not needed by most users.
Equivalences
When the version string for the product is reported as 'java version 1.8.0_5', the product will be called JDK 8u5, JDK 8 update 5 or, when the update version is not important, JDK 8.
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